6. Isthis an argument_
6.這是爭論嗎_

Segment six, is this anargument?
第六段，這是論點嗎？

And the previousepisode, we gave a definition of an argument as a set of sentences, which arecalled premises that are intended to be presented as a reason of some sort foranother sentence, which is the conclusion. But how can you tell when a seriesof sentences, such as in an op-ed in a newspaper or a political speech reallyis intended to give a reason for a conclusion.
上節課，我們給論點下了一個定義，就是一組句子，這些句子被稱為前提，是為了給另一個句子提供某種理由，這就是結論。但是你怎麼知道一系列的句子，比如報紙上的評論文章或者政治演講，是為了給出一個結論的理由呢。

This is notalways as easy or simple as it might seem, but sometimes it is clear. So let'slook at a simple method for determining when an argument is present.
這並不總是像看上去那麼容易或簡單，但有時它是清楚的。所以讓我們來看看一個簡單的方法來確定參數何時出現。

Easiest way isjust to look for special words, which we will call argument markers becausethey Mark or indicate or signal when an argument occurs. They also Mark withsentences, the premise, and which sentence is the conclusion. So for example,imagine that a sports commentator in September of 2017 announces quote, SerenaWilliams is giving birth and therefore unable to play in this tennistournament.
最簡單的方法就是尋找特殊的單詞，我們稱之為參數標記，因為它們在參數發生時標記、指示或發出信號。他們還用句子、前提和結論來標記。例如，假設2017年9月，一位體育評論員宣布，塞琳娜·威廉姆斯正在分娩，因此無法參加網球錦標賽。

Close quote. Thereason is that Serena was giving birth. The conclusion is that Serina is unableto play. She's not unable to play and therefore giving birth that doesn't makeany sense. The fact that she's not able to play. Isn't a reason why she'sgiving birth, but the fact that she's giving birth is a reason why she's unableto play.
右引號。原因是瑟琳娜在生孩子。結論是塞里納不能上場。她不是不能玩，所以生孩子没有任何意義。她不能演奏的事實。她為什麼不能生孩子，這是她不能生育的原因。

So the wordtherefore indicates or signals or marks an argument. And it also tells us,which is the conclusion. The sentence after therefore Serena was giving birthis the reason or premise Serena was unable to play is the conclusion. Now it'sobvious in this case, which one's the reason and which one's the conclusion,because the fact that she's unable to play is not possibly a reason why she'sgiving birth, but sometimes it's not obvious.
因此，這個詞表示、指示或標記一個論點。它也告訴我們，這就是結論。所以這句話之后塞琳娜是生孩子的原因還是前提塞琳娜不能上場就是結論。現在在這種情況下很明顯，哪一個是原因，哪一個是結論，因為她不能玩這個事實不可能是她生孩子的原因，但有時並不明顯。

Imagine thatinstead of giving birth, the question was about being pregnant. Serena was pregnantand therefore unable to play Serena was pregnant and also unable to play. Twodifferent sentences. One has the word, therefore, the other has the word also.Now the first one gives an argument. Serena was pregnant and therefore unableto play.
想象一下，不是生孩子，而是懷孕。塞琳娜懷孕了，因此不能上場，塞琳娜懷孕了，也不能上場。兩個不同的句子。一個有字，因此，另一個也有字。現在第一個給出一個論點。塞琳娜懷孕了，因此不能上場比賽。

And the wordtherefore tells you that the fact that she was pregnant is a reason why she wasunable to play. It's a bad argument, by the way, because in January of 2017,she won the Australian open while she was already pregnant. But the other oneSerina was pregnant and also unable to play.
因此，這個詞告訴你，她懷孕的事實是她不能玩耍的原因。順便說一句，這是一個糟糕的論點，因為2017年1月，她在懷孕期間贏得了澳網冠軍。但是另一個塞里納懷孕了，也不能參加比賽。

Doesn't even suggest thatthere's an argument.
甚至不表示有爭論。

There just twofacts. She was pregnant. She was unable to play. Maybe she was unable to playbecause she had a prior commitment. It had nothing to do with her beingpregnant. The word, therefore, however can suggest that one does have somethingto do with the other one is a reason for the other. And we can tell thedifference partly by asking what kind of reactions we can have.
只有兩個事實。她懷孕了。她不能玩了。也許她不能參加比賽是因為她事先有約定。這與她懷孕無關。因此，這個詞可以暗示一個與另一個有關，一個是另一個的原因。我們可以通過詢問我們能有什麼樣的反應來部分地分辨兩者的區别。

If somebody saysSerena was pregnant and therefore unable to play one reaction, which will beperfectly relevant as that's wrong, she can play while she's pregnant. Afterall she won the Australian open while she was pregnant. But if somebody saysSerena was pregnant and also unable to play, it wouldn't make any sense to say,well, that's wrong.
如果有人說瑟琳娜懷孕了，所以不能玩一個反應，這是完全相關的，因為那是錯誤的，她可以在她懷孕的時候玩。畢竟她在懷孕期間贏得了澳網冠軍。但如果有人說塞琳娜懷孕了，也不能踢球，那麼說，嗯，那是錯誤的。

She can playwhile she's pregnant. Because then the person who said she's pregnant andunable to play can respond. I never said that she couldn't play while she waspregnant. I was simply saying that both were true. She was pregnant and alsounable to play. So what's interesting about this word, therefore, is that itchanges a list into an argument.
她懷孕的時候可以玩。因為那個說她懷孕了不能玩的人可以做出回應。我從没說過她懷孕期間不能玩。我說的都是真的。她懷孕了，也不能玩了。所以這個詞有趣的是，它把一個列表變成了一個參數。

If you simplysay, and also you're giving a list of claims, but if you say, and thereforeyou're suggesting that what came before is a reason for what comes after.Notice that you can also perform the same transformation with other words, forexample, thus Serena was pregnant and thus unable to play. Or so Serina waspregnant, so she was unable to play, but some of these words are not so simple.
如果你只是簡單地說，你也給出了一個索賠清單，但是如果你說，那麼你就是在暗示之前發生的事情是之后發生的事情的原因。注意，你也可以對其他詞進行同樣的轉換，例如，瑟琳娜懷孕了，所以不能玩了。或者說塞麗娜懷孕了，所以她無法上場，但是這些話中有些話並不是那麼簡單。

Wait a minute,that just showed it not so simple. The word. So doesn't always indicate anargument. Sometimes it marks an argument, but not always. Well, wait a minute.How can you tell when it marks an argument and when it doesn't. Simple trick isto replace the word. So with therefore, if you say Serena was pregnant, so shewas unable to play, you can replace it with
等等，這說明事情不是那麼簡單。這個詞。所以並不總是表示論點。有時它標志著一場爭論，但並不總是這樣。好吧，等等。你怎麼知道它什麼時候標記了一個論點，什麼時候没有呢？簡單的訣竅就是替換這個詞。因此，如果你說瑟琳娜懷孕了，所以她不能上場，你可以用

Serena was pregnant.
瑟琳娜懷孕了。

Therefore shewas unable to play. Still makes sense. Still pretty much says the same thing,but what about this word is not so simple? This word is not therefore simple.That doesn't make any sense or try it again with another sentence. He's not sosmart. Well, that means he's not very smart. It doesn't mean he's not thereforesmart.
所以她不能玩了。還是有道理的。基本上還是一樣的，但是這個詞不是那麼簡單嗎？因此，這個詞並不簡單。這没有任何意義，或者用另一句話再試一次。他没那麼聰明。嗯，那意味著他不是很聰明。這並不意味著他不聰明。

I'm not evensure what that would mean in this way, where it's like, therefore, so, and thusindicate a conclusion. And Mark and argument. And we can tell when they do thatby the substitution test of replacing them with their four
我甚至不知道這意味著什麼，在這里，它是，因此，那麼，從而表明了一個結論。標記和爭論。我們可以通過用四個字母替換它們的替代測試來判斷它們是什麼時候做的

but argumentmarkers can also work in the opposite direction. Serena was unable to playbecause she was giving birth and notice the order can change because she wasgiving birth. Serena was unable to play. These are just other ways ofpresenting the same argument that we saw before Serena was giving birth andtherefore unable to play because Serena was giving birth.
但是參數標記也可以起反作用。瑟琳娜不能參加比賽，因為她正在分娩，她注意到順序可能會改變，因為她正在分娩。瑟琳娜無法上場。這些都是我們在賽琳娜生孩子之前看到的，因為塞琳娜在生孩子而不能上場比賽的其他方式。

She was unableto play pretty much the same thing, because they both indicate that the reasonor premise is that Serena was giving birth. And the conclusion is that Serenawas unable to play. The difference is that. Where therefore is followed by theconclusion because is followed by the reason it tells you which sentences arereasons or premises, the ones that are after it.
她不能玩幾乎相同的東西，因為它們都表明原因或前提是瑟琳娜在生孩子。結論是塞雷娜不能上場。不同的是。因此，后面跟著結論，因為后面是原因，它告訴你哪些句子是理由或前提，后面的句子。

So we say,because she was giving birth, that means that she was giving birth is thereason. And then the other one that she's unable to play must be theconclusion. It's not saying that she's unable to play and therefore givingbirth. So because. Indicates or signals or marks an argument just liketherefore, so Sodo, but it says that the sentence after the word, because is areason or a premise instead of a conclusion, it's a premise or reason markerinstead of
所以我們說，因為她在生孩子，這意味著她生孩子是原因。而另一個她不能演奏的曲子一定是結論。這並不是說她不能玩，所以不能生孩子。所以因為。或者說是一個前提，或者說是一個結論，因為它是一個前提，或者說是一個結論，因為它是一個前提，而不是一個結論

our conclusion.
我們的結論。

Marker. Hmm.
標記。隱馬爾可夫模型。

No other reasonmarkers include words like since, and for, but again, it's not always clear. Soyou have to think about the context. And what's being said, I've been sicksince March is not an argument and includes the word sense, which is sometimesa reason marker, but not in this case because March is not what made me sick.
没有其他原因標記包括“因為”和“因為”這樣的詞，但它並不總是清楚的。所以你得考慮一下背景。現在說的是，我病了，因為March不是一個論點，它包含了sense這個詞，它有時是一個原因標記，但在這個例子中不是因為March讓我生病。

The test, as inconclusion, markers is simply to replace the word with, because in order totell whether it's a reason, marker, I've been sick because March. Makes nosense, thus, overall, therefore, and it's kin the ones that it can be replacedby therefore Mark conclusions, because, and it's can the ones that can bereplaced by, because Mark reasons and both of them Mark arguments.
這個測試，正如結論所說，markers只是把這個詞替換成，因為為了判斷這是否是一個原因，marker，我生病是因為March。因此，總的來說，這是没有意義的，因此，它是可以被替代的，因此，標記結論，因為，這是可以被替代的，因為標記原因，它們都標記論點。

So we haveconclusion, markers, reason, markers, and argument markers to make sure youhave it straight. Let's look at some examples. He apologized. So you shouldforgive him, is the word. So there a reason marker. A conclusion marker orneither since he apologized, you should forgive him is the word sense.
所以我們有結論，標記，理由，標記，和論點標記，以確保你有正確的。讓我們看一些例子。他道歉了。所以你應該原諒他。所以有一個原因標記。一個結論標記或者都不是因為他道歉了，你應該原諒他就是這個詞的意思。

And thatsentence, a reason marker. A conclusion marker or neither he apologized. Andbecause of that, you should forgive him. So, which is it reason markerconclusion marker, or neither that phrase because of that after he apologizes,you should forgive him. Is the word after a reason marker conclusion marker, orneither
那句話，一個理由標記。或者他没有道歉。因此，你應該原諒他。那麼，到底是哪個原因標記結論標記，還是既不是因為那句話，他道歉后，你應該原諒他。這個詞是在原因標記后面還是在結論標記之后，或者兩者都不是

in cases likethis. We need to indicate, which is the conclusion marker, which is a reasonmarker. And maybe the word is not being used as either. So those are just a fewof my examples. There's another exercise, go out and find your own. Look, forexample, in political debates, look for argument markers, search for the wordssince.
在這種情況下。我們需要指出，哪個是結論標記，哪個是原因標記。也許這個詞也没有用過。這些只是我的幾個例子。還有一個練習，出去找你自己的。例如，在政治辯論中，尋找論據標記，搜索“自”字。

So, becausetherefore thoughts look for them. And then ask, okay. In that context, whichclaim is a premise and which claim is a conclusion? The answer won't always beclear, but the fact that it's unclear can itself be illuminated. People offer,pretend to give arguments when they have no real work and no real reason fortheir views.
所以，因為思想在尋找它們。然后問，好吧。在這種情況下，哪個主張是前提，哪個主張是結論？答案並不總是很清楚，但不清楚的事實本身就可以說明問題。當人們没有真正的工作，也没有真正的理由來表達自己的觀點時，他們會主動提出，假裝提出論點。

They like you tothink they have a reason, but not really. Now you need to learn how to spotthis trick and to call it out, being able to identify argument markers, we'llhelp you do this. That's why it's useful to learn about arguable.
他們喜歡你認為他們有理由，但不是真的。現在你需要學習如何發現這個技巧，並把它說出來，能夠識别論點標記，我們將幫助你做到這一點。這就是為什麼學習辯論是有用的。