12.Discounting objections
12.貼現異議

 

Segment 12 discounting
第12段折扣

so far, we havediscussed gardening during an evaluation next and last comes discounting. Thename discounting might sound like arguments are on sale. They're beingdiscounted. As in the Monty Python skit where he might get an argument for acheaper price. Well, we're not talking about discounts on prices.
到目前為止，我們在一次評估中討論了園藝，下一個和最后一個是折扣。名字打折聽起來像是在打折。他們被打折了。就像在巨蟒小品中，他可能會得到一個便宜的價格的論據。好吧，我們不是說價格折扣。

 

 

Instead. Whatgets discounted here is objections. So what are objections? The premises in anargument give a recent for its conclusion, but there can also be reasonsagainst that conclusion or against the argument. These conflicting reasons areobjections. To discount an objection is then to mention it and also say whythat objection is not so strong or not so bad after all, I seem weird forsomebody who is arguing for a conclusion to mention objections that are reasonsagainst that conclusion or against their own argument.
相反。在這里打折的是反對意見。那麼什麼是反對意見？一個論點中的前提為其結論提供了一個最近的結論，但也可能有反對該結論或反對該論點的理由。這些相互矛盾的理由就是反對。否定一個反對意見就是提出來，並說明為什麼反對意見不那麼強烈或者不那麼壞。畢竟，對於一個主張結論的人來說，提到反對這個結論或反對他們自己的論點的反對意見，我覺得很奇怪。

 

 

So why shouldany argue or discount objections? Well, despite appearances, this strategy isquite common and effective. If you raise the objection instead of youropponents, then you get to formulate that objection and the way that you wantto formulate it instead of in the way that they want to formulate it.
那麼，為什麼會有人提出異議或反對意見？好吧，儘管表面看來，這種策略是相當普遍和有效的。如果你提出反對意見而不是你的反對者，那麼你就可以提出反對意見，以及你想要表達它的方式，而不是他們想要表達的方式。

 

 

Moreover, youpresent yourself as someone who is fair because you're considering both sides,including the objections. And you also present yourself as informed. About the problemsthat need to be faced by anyone holding your position. So for these reasons,it's useful to beat your critics to the punch by discounting objections.
此外，你表現自己是一個公平的人，因為你考慮了雙方，包括反對意見。你也會表現得很有見識。關於任何人都需要面對的問題。因此，出於這些原因，打消反對意見是很有用的。

 

 

Now, how do wedo that with discounting words? Here's some simple examples, but, and allthough, these are discounting words to see how they work. Imagine that you andyour spouse are choosing a car. Contrast two things that you could say aboutone particular car. Sure. This car costs more, but it's also more reliable oryou might say sure, this car is more reliable, but it also costs more.
現在，我們如何用折扣詞來實現呢？這里有一些簡單的例子，但是，儘管如此，這些都是折扣詞，看看它們是如何工作的。想象一下你和你的配偶正在選擇一輛車。對比一下你能說的關於一輛車的兩件事。當然。這輛車成本更高，但也更可靠，或者你可以說，這輛車更可靠，但它也更貴。

 

 

A lot, dependson the context and the tone of voice, but usually the first one sounds like youdo want to pick this car. If you say it costs more, but it's more reliable thanit sounds like you want to pick it because it's reliable. You're presenting. Thatis more important in contrast. Usually the second sentence sounds like you donot want to pick the car.
很多，取決於上下文和語調，但通常第一個聽起來像你確實想選這輛車。如果你說它成本更高，但它比聽起來更可靠，因為它是可靠的。你在演示。相比之下，這更重要。通常第二句話聽起來好像你不想選車。

 

 

If you say it'smore reliable, but it also costs more than it sounds like you think it'scosting more, is more important. Why? Well, because of that little word, but inthe middle of both sentences, the first sentence mentions the objection. Thiscar costs more. That's an objection to buying it, but discounts that objectionby saying, but it is also more reliable as soon as after the word, but is thespeaker's reply to the objection, the word, but indicates that what follows it,the reliability of the car is more important than the objection.
如果你說它更可靠，但它的成本也比聽起來更貴，那就更重要了。為什麼？好吧，因為這個詞，但是在兩個句子的中間，第一句話提到了反對。這輛車更貴。這是反對買它，但打折了反對說，但它也是更可靠的一個字后，但它是說話人的答復反對，字，但表明什麼是它的后續，汽車的可靠性比反對更重要。

 

 

The cost of thecar. The opposite occurs in the second sentence, this car is more reliable, butit also costs more. This sentence mentions the reason on the other side thatthe car is more reliable, but discounts that reason by saying, but it alsocosts more again, the sentence after the, but is the reply to the objection andthe word, but indicates that what follows it, the cost is more important thanthe objection, reliability.
汽車的費用。第二句正好相反，這輛車更可靠，但也更貴。這句話在另一方面提到的理由是車更可靠，但打折的理由是說，但它的成本也更高，這句話后面的話，不過是對異議的回復和話，但表明了后面的話，成本比異議更重要，可靠性更高。

 

 

In bothsentences, the little word butts signals a conflict and a ranking. The conflictis signaled because the two sentences point in opposite directions are reasonsfor incompatible actions. The ranking occurs because the sentence after theword, but is presented as more important. So the sentence before, but theobjection is discounted or presented as less important.
在這兩個句子中，butts這個小單詞表示衝突和排名。衝突的信號是因為兩個句子指向相反的方向是不相容行為的原因。排名之所以發生，是因為句子在單詞之后，但卻顯得更重要。所以前面的句子，但是反對意見被打折扣或者被認為不那麼重要。

 

 

Okay.
可以。

 

 

This Countywords work in the opposite direction. The sentence after the discounting wordis discounted and presented as less important. It's other kind of discountingword is exemplified by all though. Suppose somebody says, although he's usuallynice to me yesterday, he insulted me to my face, contrast this with someone whosays, although he insulted me yesterday.
這個郡話的作用是相反的。折扣詞后面的句子被打折，並顯示為不太重要。另一種打折詞是“儘管如此”的例證。假設有人說，雖然他昨天通常對我很好，但他當面侮辱了我，對比一下，有人說，雖然他昨天侮辱了我。

 

 

Is usually niceto me in both cases, the sentence after the word, although is discountedsomeone who's angry says, although he's usually nice to me yesterday insultedme and my face. Whereas someone who is forgiving says, although he insulted meyesterday, he's usually nice to me in both cases, the word, but, and the word,although do four things first.
通常都是對我很好的兩種情況，后面的一句話，雖然是打折的人生氣的說，雖然他平時對我很好昨天侮辱了我和我的臉。而一個寬容的人說，雖然他昨天侮辱了我，但在這兩種情況下，他通常都對我很好，雖然先做四件事。

 

 

The speaker asserts the objection. Second, the speaker asserts theresponse to the objection. Third, the discounting word indicates that the twoare opposed and fourth, the discounting word indicates that one of the two isless important. So it is discounted. Thus, we have two patterns depending onwhich sentences discounted or presented as less important the sentence afterthe word, but.
演講者堅持反對意見。第二，發言者主張對反對的答復。第三，折扣詞表示兩者對立；第四，折扣詞表示兩者中的一個不那麼重要。所以打折了。因此，我們有兩種模式，這取決於哪一個句子在單詞后面的句子不那麼重要。

 

 

They're seen asmore important and the other sentence is discounted, but the sentence that isafter the word, although is seen as less important. So it's the one that'sdiscounted. And of course, other words also fit these two patterns, the word,but discounts the sentence before it. And similarly for however, neverthelessyet still.
它們被視為更重要的句子，而另一個句子則不那麼重要，但是在單詞后面的句子，雖然被認為不那麼重要。所以是打折的那個。當然，其他單詞也符合這兩種模式，單詞，但是前面的句子打折扣。然而，同樣的，儘管如此。

 

 

The word,although discounts the sentence after it. And similarly for though, whereaswhile think about those words and how you use them in sentences, but is beforethere's no mechanical rule in this kind of situation, because the
這個詞，儘管后面的句子打折扣。同樣的，雖然考慮到這些詞以及你在句子中如何使用它們，但是在這種情況下没有機械規則，因為

same word can beused in other ways. Someone who says, why was usually nice to me?
同一個詞也可以用在其他方面。有人說，為什麼通常對我很好？

 

 

He insulted meyesterday, discounts the Senate's after a while. So it's a discounting word inthat context. But think about this sentence. He insulted me while we wereeating lunch, that doesn't discount anything. And also as before a useful testof whether a word is used for discounting in a particular context, is whetherwe can say the same thing with the paradigm discounting words, but, andalthough.
他昨天侮辱了我，一段時間后參議院就不這麼認為了。所以這是一個打折詞。但想想這句話。我們吃午飯的時候他侮辱了我，這一點都不打折。同樣，對於一個詞是否在特定的語境中被用來打折，還有一個有用的測試，就是我們是否可以用打折詞，but，And whilel說同樣的話。

 

 

In our case,neither of the following makes any sense. He insulted me, but we were eatinglunch. He assaulted me, although we were eating lunch. Well, maybe they make alittle sense, but at least they don't mean the same thing as he insulted mewhile we were eating lunch. This sentence just says that the insult and theeating occurred at the same time, it doesn't give you any conflict between thetwo already ranking of the two.
在我們的例子中，以下兩個都没有任何意義。他侮辱了我，但我們正在吃午飯。儘管我們正在吃午飯，他還是襲擊了我。嗯，也許有點道理，但至少和我們吃午飯時他侮辱我的意思不一樣。這句話只是說侮辱和吃東西是同時發生的，它不會給你任何衝突，兩人已經排名兩位了。

 

 

And the factthat we cannot replace while in this sentence with blot or with, although showsthat the word while is not used for discounting in this sentence. Thisreplacement test will work sometimes, but it's still not a mechanical rulebecause it's not always clear which replacements make sense.
在這句話中，我們不能用blot或while替換while，這說明while這個詞在這句話中不是用來打折的。這種替換測試有時會起作用，但它仍然不是一個機械規則，因為並不總是清楚哪些替換是有意義的。

 

 

There's nosubstitute for thinking carefully about discounting in its context, in order todetermine the function of the word or what the speaker was trying to convey.And again, like guarding, assuring and evaluating. These discounting terms canbe used properly and can also be abused.
為了確定單詞的功能或說話人想要表達的意思，没有什麼可以替代的，那就是在語境中仔細考慮折扣。再一次，像守衛，保證和評估。這些折扣條款可以正確使用，也可以被濫用。

 

 

common abuse ormisuse of discounting is called discounting straw people. The idea is that astraw person is not a real person and is easy to push around. Cause they'remade a straw to discount. A straw person is then to discount an objection thatno real person would raise and that it is easy to reply to.
對折扣的濫用或濫用被稱為貼現吸管人。他們的想法是，稻草人不是真正的人，很容易推來推去。因為他們成了打折的稻草。一個草菅人命的人會對一個没有真正的人會提出並且很容易回復的反對意見不予理會。

 

 

Why would anyonedo that? Well, to distract from real objections that are more damaging,consider a politician. Who's accused of favoring, his friends and family andbusiness partners in how we awards positions in the government. And he repliessome of my opponents accused me of crimes, but what I did was not a crime.
為什麼會有人這麼做？好吧，為了轉移人們對更具破壞性的真正反對意見的注意力，不妨考慮一下政客。他被指控在我們如何授予政府職位方面偏袒他的朋友、家人和商業夥伴。他回答說我的一些反對者指控我犯罪，但我所做的並不是犯罪。

 

 

It's not like Icommitted murder. Let's suppose he's right. There's no law against his actions.And what he did was not like murder still. The real objection is that what hedid was unfair and harmful, even if it was not a crime, he's trying to distracthis audience from the real objection that his acts were unfair.
我又不是謀殺。假設他是對的。没有法律禁止他的行為。他所做的也不是謀殺。真正的反對意見是，他所做的是不公平和有害的，即使這不是犯罪，他也在試圖轉移聽眾的注意力，使他們對他的行為是不公平的真正反對意見分心。

 

 

And he's tryingto make them think instead of a different objection that he committed a crime.And why does he want them to think about that one? Because he has a betterreply to that. Objection. To avoid getting distracted by this trick, you shouldask, not only which objection is being discounted, but also why the speakerchooses to discount that particular objection.
他試圖讓他們認為他犯了罪，而不是提出不同的異議。他為什麼要讓他們去想那件事？因為他有更好的回答。反對。為了避免被這個把戲分心，你不僅要問哪個反對意見被打折了，還要問為什麼演講者選擇不考慮這個特定的反對意見。

 

 

And whetherthere's some other objection, that's stronger than the one that is discountedthinking about those questions will enable you to avoid getting tricked by thespouse.
不管是否還有其他的反對意見，這比打折的反對意見更為強烈，思考這些問題將使你避免被配偶欺騙。

 

 

Now as usual, Iwill end this segment with some optional exercises. If you think that youunderstand discounting well enough, feel free to skip to the next segment. Youcan go faster, but if you want to test your understanding, here are a few moreexamples that might be illuminating. The task is simply to classify each termas an argument marker or as guarding, assuring, evaluating discounting or noneof these.
現在和往常一樣，我將用一些可選的練習來結束這一部分。如果你認為你很了解折扣，可以跳到下一個環節。你可以走得更快，但如果你想測試你的理解力，這里有幾個例子可能會有啟發性。把這些簡單地歸類為“無保證”或“無保證”的論據。

 

 

So now in thisexercise, there's six possible answers for each word. And we will also look atseveral words in each sentence to make this exercise a bit more challengingthan the exercises in previous segments. First consider an economic advisor whosays since many companies had to close down permanently, the unemployment rateis bound to remain high.
在這個練習中，每個單詞有六個可能的答案。我們也會看看每個句子中的幾個詞，讓這個練習比前面幾節的練習更具挑戰性。許多公司的經濟顧問說，由於失業率一直居高不下，許多公司不得不考慮長期保持高失業率。

 

 

Despite the factthat some companies have been doing better. Now, I want you to think about sixdifferent words since many bound high, despite and better. For each of thesewords, question is whether it is an argument marker, guarding, assuring,evaluating discounting, or none of these. Now think about it for a while toremind you the example.
儘管有些公司做得更好。現在，我要你想想六個不同的詞，因為很多詞都是高高的，儘管和更好。對於每一個詞，問題是它是否是一個論據標記，保護，保證，評估折扣，或不是這些。現在想一想這個例子。

 

 

Again, is this,since many companies had to close down permanently, the unemployment rate isbound to remain high. Despite the fact that some companies have been doingbetter. Now this exercise is a little bit more complex than the previous ones.So I'm going to give you longer than the amount of time you had before.
再說一次，既然許多公司不得不永久關閉，失業率肯定會居高不下。儘管有些公司做得更好。現在這個練習比前面的練習要復雜一點。所以我要給你比以前更長的時間。

 

 

I'm going togive you 45 seconds to classify all of these words since many bound high,despite. Better
儘管我要給你45秒的時間來分類。更好

 

 

Okay. Youthought about your answers? Let me tell you what mine are. Remember that theargument was this. Since many companies had to close down permanently, theunemployment rate is bound to remain high. Despite the fact that some companieshave been doing better, the first word I wanted you to classify was the wordsense.
可以。你想過你的答案嗎？讓我告訴你我的是什麼。記住論點是這樣的。由於許多公司不得不永久性關閉，失業率肯定會居高不下。儘管有些公司已經做得更好了，但我想讓你分類的第一個詞就是詞義。

 

 

And that's anargument marker. It's not about time and whether one thing occurred before theother or since the other occurred. So since the companies had to closed downpermanently, the unemployment rate is found to remain high. You couldsubstitute sense with because many companies had to close down permanently.
這是一個論點標記。這不是時間問題，也不是一件事發生在另一件事之前還是另一件事發生之后。因此，由於這些公司不得不永久關閉，失業率仍然居高不下。你可以用sense來代替，因為許多公司不得不永久關閉。

 

 

So it's an Arbitmarker. And in particular it is a reason marker, because it says that thereason. Why the unemployment rate is bound to remain high is that manycompanies had to close down permanently. The next word that I asked you toclassify is many, many here is a guarding word because it's weaker than all theargue was not saying that all companies had to close down permanently.
所以這是一個仲裁標記。尤其是它是一個原因標記，因為它說的是原因。為什麼失業率一定會居高不下，是因為許多公司不得不永久關閉。我要你分類的下一個詞是很多，這里的很多是一個保守的詞，因為它比所有的爭論都弱，不是說所有的公司都要永久關閉。

 

 

Instead they'remaking it weaker. And only claiming that many companies had to close downpermanently. The next word that I wanted you to classify was the word bound inthe sentence. The unemployment rate is bound to remain high here. Bound is anassuring word. Like certain he could have said the unemployment rate is certainto remain high, but to say it's bound to remain high, implies that there's noway to stop it from being true.
相反，他們讓它變得更弱。只是聲稱許多公司必須永久關閉。我想讓你分類的下一個單詞是句子中的綁定詞。這里的失業率肯定會居高不下。約束是一個令人信服的詞。就像他可以肯定的那樣，失業率肯定會保持在高位，但說失業率肯定會保持在高位，這意味著没有辦法阻止這一事實的發生。

 

 

So there's noreason to question or ask for a reason for that claim. What about the wordhigh? The unemployment rate is bound to remain high. Well, a high employerwrites a bad thing. Sure. But high is still not an evaluative word because itonly implies that something's bad. It doesn't actually come out and say it'sbad.
因此，没有理由質疑或詢問這種說法的理由。那麼high這個詞呢？失業率肯定會居高不下。好吧，一個高級雇主寫的是壞事。當然。但high仍然不是一個評價性的詞，因為它只意味著事情不好。事實上它並没有說它是壞的。

 

 

So high is notan evaluative word. And it's also not an argument marker or guarding orassuring or discounting. It's none of the above. The next word that I asked youto classify is despite, and I think that's a discounting word. You can tell usthat this County word, because you can substitute the paradigm discountingword.
這麼高不是一個評價詞。它也不是爭論的標記，也不是保護、保證或打折。以上都不是。我要你分類的下一個詞是儘管，我認為這是一個折扣詞。你可以告訴我們這個郡詞，因為你可以用範型折扣詞來代替。

 

 

Although,instead of saying, despite the fact that some companies have been doing better,you could simply say, although some companies have been doing better and that showsthat despite here is discounting an objection.
儘管，不是說，儘管有些公司做得更好，你可以簡單地說，儘管有些公司做得更好，這表明儘管這里有反對意見。

Finally the word better,the word better is pretty clearly in a value to word.
最后一個詞better，better這個詞在一個詞的值中非常明顯。

Cause better means moregood.
因為更好意味著更好。

 

 

And so if youcan analyze it in terms of good and bad and right and wrong and not, not, thenit's an evaluative word and better falls under that group. Overall then in thisone simple example, we found all six.
因此，如果你能從好與壞，對錯與否來分析它，那麼它是一個評價性的詞，最好歸入這一類。總的來說，在這個簡單的例子中，我們找到了所有六個。

 

 

Now let's tryanother. For our second example, consider a defense attorney who argues thevictim's death was a tragedy and perhaps the defendant had a motive to kill thevictim. Nonetheless, the defendant could not have done it for his alibi isunquestionable. Now the words I want you to think about here are tragedy,perhaps nonetheless done.
現在我們再來一個。對於我們的第二個例子，考慮一位辯護律師，他辯稱受害人的死亡是一場悲劇，也許被告有殺害受害者的動機。儘管如此，毫無疑問，被告不在場證明不可能做到這一點。現在我想讓你們想到的是悲劇，儘管如此。

 

 

For anunquestionable. And again, for each of these words, the task is to determinewhether the word is an argument marker or guarding, assuring,
毫無疑問。同樣，對於每一個詞，我們的任務是確定這個詞是一個論點標記還是一個守衛，

evaluatingdiscounting, or none of those. I'll think about it for a while. Just to remindyou the example again, is the victim's death was a tragedy. And perhaps thedefendant had a motive to kill the victim.
評估折扣，或者没有。我會考慮一下的。再提醒你一次，受害者的死是一場悲劇。也許被告有殺害受害者的動機。

 

 

Nonetheless, thedefendant could not have done it for his alibi is unquestionable. Again, I'llgive you a little longer than before 45 seconds to classify all of theseswerves tragedy, perhaps, nonetheless, for. Done an unquestionable
儘管如此，毫無疑問，被告不在場證明不可能做到這一點。再一次，我將給你們比之前45秒多一點的時間來分類所有這些轉彎悲劇，也許，儘管如此，因為。毫無疑問

 

 

Okay. I hopeyou've had enough time to think about this complex example. Now I want to giveyou my answers. Remember, the argument was this, the victim's duck was atragedy and perhaps the defendant had a motive to kill the victim. Nonetheless,the defendant could not have done it for his alibi is unquestionable.
可以。我希望你有足夠的時間來思考這個復雜的例子。現在我想給你我的答案。記住，爭論是這樣的，受害者的鴨子是個悲劇，也許被告有殺害受害者的動機。儘管如此，毫無疑問，被告不在場證明不可能做到這一點。

 

 

First the wordtragedy. Well, that's an evaluative word. It's negative. Tragedies are bad andought to be avoided. Second. The word perhaps. Well, that's a gardening word.It's like might the defendant might've had a motive. Perhaps the defendant hada motive. Maybe the defendant had a motive. They don't mean the same.
首先是悲劇這個詞。好吧，這是一個評價詞。是陰性的。悲劇是不好的，應該避免。第二。也許是這個詞。嗯，那是個園藝詞。好像被告可能有動機。也許被告有動機。也許被告有動機。他們的意思不一樣。

 

 

So that word isguarding. Nonetheless, that's a discounting word. And notice that you couldsubstitute, but, or however you could say, however, the defendant could nothave done it instead of nonetheless, the defendant could not have done it or hecould say, but the defendant could not have done it.
所以這個詞是在守護。儘管如此，這是一個折扣詞。注意，你可以替代，但是，或者不管你怎麼說，被告不可能代替，儘管如此，被告不可能這樣做或者他可以說，但是被告不可能這樣做。

Now what about the worddone?
那麼“完成”這個詞呢？

 

 

The word done isnone of those. It's bad to do an act of murder. Sure. But to say that the actof murder is done is not in and of itself to say it's bad. So done is none ofthe above. The next word is four and that's an argument marker. It's like,because instead sort of saying for his alibi is unquestionable, you could saybecause his alibis some questionable and notice that makes it a premise marker.
“完成”不是這些。殺人是不好的。當然。但說謀殺行為已經發生，本身並不是說這是壞事。以上都不是這麼做的。下一個單詞是4，這是一個參數標記。就像，因為他的不在場證明是毋庸置疑的，你可以說，因為他的不在場證明有些可疑，並注意到，這使得它成為前提標記。

 

 

It's telling youthat the sentence after it is a premise in an argument and finallyunquestionable the word unquestionable as in insuring word. Cause you could sayis alibi a certain or sure. To say that it's unquestionable is to say that youcan't question it, you cannot ask for a reason or justification.
它告訴你，它后面的句子是一個論點的前提，最后毫無疑問這個詞，就像保險詞一樣。因為你可以說不在場證明是肯定的還是肯定的。說它是不容置疑的，就是說你不能質疑它，你不能要求一個理由或理由。

 

 

And that'sexactly what assuring words try to do. So again, like our first example is oneexample has all six kinds of words. The next segment we'll introduce the methodof close analysis, which gets you to ask questions like the ones you askedthem, these exercises, but in a long way, Text with passage. .
這正是保證性話語所要做的。再一次，就像我們的第一個例子一樣，一個例子包含了所有六種單詞。下一節我們將介紹緊密分析的方法，它能讓你像你問他們的問題一樣提出問題，這些練習，但從長遠來看，是帶段落的文本。

 

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