1. Introduction To Memory
1.記憶概論

We'll see whichone you remember. No, writing them down and no cheating. This will all makesense later. I promise. Here's the number six seven four two (084) 394-9590.You need that one more time. It's six seven four two (084) 394-9590. And here'sthe phrase Jack runs from purple bees. One more time. Jack runs from purplebees.
我們會記得的。不，寫下來，不要作弊。以后這些都會有意義的。我保證。這是六七四二（084）394-9590。你需要再來一次。是六七四二（084）394-9590。這是傑克從紫色蜜蜂那里得到的短語。再來一次。傑克逃避紫蜂。

Good luck.That's what happens to the majority of people in the world. They don't know howto use this, this mental. Benefit that they were born with. Most people don'tuse any way, need 10% of the memory they were born with. I liked the feel Iteach another 40 or 50%. So, you know, again, even if the systems don't work,you're exercising your mind, you're exercising your brain.
祝你好運。世界上大多數人都是這樣。他們不知道怎麼用這個，這個精神。他們與生俱來的好處。大多數人不使用任何方法，需要10%的記憶。我喜歡我教另外40%或50%的感覺。所以，你知道，再次，即使系統不工作，你在鍛煉你的頭腦，你在鍛煉你的大腦。

And that to meis very important. And look, I'm 94 years old. I don't know if this hasanything to do with it, but I'm still functioning. Pretty good mentally. I wishI could say, to say physically EDD. I have pages places. I didn't know I hadplaces, but, but mentally I think I'm still functioning fairly well.
這對我來說非常重要。聽著，我94歲了。我不知道這是否與此有關，但我仍在工作。精神不錯。我希望我能說，身體上的EDD。我有書頁的地方。我不知道我有位置，但是，精神上我覺得我的功能還不錯。

Hey everyone.I'm ed Allard and this is memory booster. You just heard from Harry Lorraine.So, uh, time magazine called me originally. They called me to Yoda of memorytraining, and I didn't know what Yoda was at that time. So it took the, Ithought it was an insult, uh, but until somebody told me what it was, and thenthey said I was the world's foremost memory training specialist.
大家好。我是埃德·阿拉德，這是記憶助推器。你剛收到哈里·洛林的信。所以，呃，《時代》雜志最初打電話給我。他們打電話給尤達進行記憶訓練，我當時不知道尤達是什麼人。所以我覺得這是一種侮辱，但是直到有人告訴我這是什麼，然后他們說我是世界上最重要的記憶訓練專家。

So I guessthat's my title. Harry is a magician and all around wacky character who alsohappened to write the book or well books on improving your memory, that workalong with his magic career, earned him the recognition of celebs everywhereand no shortage of appearances on late night talk shows. Is that right?
所以我想這就是我的標題。哈利是一個魔術師和一個古怪的角色，他也碰巧寫了一本書或一本關於提高你記憶力的書，這些書和他的魔術生涯一起，為他贏得了世界各地名人的認可，也不乏在深夜脫口秀節目中露面的機會。對嗎？

How many times anew York's 2121 times. Only one times I was looking over here. Barry is anexpert on improving memory based on techniques for millennia ago. He attendedhigh school for one year before dropping out. But if you doubt his chops foreven one second, Here he is on the Johnny Carson show performing one of his mostfamous stunts.
紐約的2121次是多少次。只有一次我在看這里。巴里是幾千年前基於技術提高記憶力的專家。他上了一年高中才輟學。但如果你懷疑他的能力哪怕一秒鐘，這里他是在約翰尼卡森秀表演他最著名的特技之一。

Why don't we doit this way with a few people who gave me the names at any time? Today wouldyou just rise it to seat so I can see, Oh my Lord. Okay. Ms. Kalman, uh, ms.Legge, ms. Schwartz, mr. Dodge, uh, mr. Billings, mr. Mrs. Kilgore that thoseare the Millers, mr. Milton and mill, the Wayne you change seats. Yeah.
為什麼我們不在任何時候都告訴我名字的人這樣做呢？今天你能不能把它扶起來讓我看看，哦，天哪。可以。Kalman女士，呃，女士。法律，女士。施瓦茨先生。道奇，呃，先生。比林斯先生。基爾戈爾太太說那是米勒夫婦。米爾頓和米爾，韋恩，你們換座位。是啊。

Yes. That's Harryrapid-fire naming audience members. He had briefly met earlier in the evening.Over 100 people stood up and I'll spare you the anticipation. He got all ofthem, right? So in this show, we'll try to capture a fraction of that brainpower. How does Harry remembered names?
對。這是哈利快速射擊命名觀眾。他在晚上早些時候見過面。有100多人站了起來，我不必再等你了。他把它們都弄到了，對吧？所以在這個節目中，我們將試著捕捉一小部分腦力。哈利是怎麼記住名字的？

So well, how can youremember your shopping list or where your keys are?
那麼，你怎麼能記得你的購物清單或者你的鑰匙在哪里？

Harry brought upa good point before whether or not those percentages are perfectly accurate. Ican't help, but think, am I using the full extent of my memory? I mean, Iforget why I walked into a room at least once a day. And yet the ancient Greeksmemorized hours of speeches. Humans could once navigate the oceans using onlythe skies and the land to guide them.
哈里提出了一個很好的觀點，不管這些百分比是否完全準確。我情不自禁地想，我是不是利用了我全部的記憶？我是說，我忘了為什麼我每天至少走進一個房間。然而，古希臘人記住了幾個小時的演講。人類曾經可以只利用天空和陸地來引導海洋。

Now, I can't evennavigate my own neighborhood. Why is that? All I know is I've had enough. I'mgoing on a journey to discover more about memory and how to make it actuallywork for me. And I want you to come along. Let's learn together how humans canharness this untapped potential. Every episode, you'll hear from a memoryexpert, from a leading university, from Harvard to Columbia and many more.
現在，我甚至不能在自己的社區里導航。為什麼？我只知道我受夠了。我要去探索更多關於記憶的東西，以及如何讓它真正為我工作。我要你跟我來。讓我們一起學習人類如何利用這種尚未開發的潛力。每一集，你都會聽到一位記憶專家，一所頂尖大學，從哈佛到哥倫比亞等等。

I'll talk tothem about different kinds of memory, along with some other fascinating topics.I'm curious about like, what's the deal with Sherlock Holmes, memory palace.What about photographic memories or false memories at the end of every episode,we'll review a trick technique or exercise you can use to make your memory workfor you.
我會和他們談論不同類型的記憶，以及一些其他有趣的話題。我很好奇，福爾摩斯和記憶宮有什麼關系。在每一集的結尾，我們將回顧一個技巧或練習，讓你的記憶為你服務。

Some of theseexercises are derived from Harry's books. Like the one you can expect at theend of today's episode, remember that number and that phrase from the verybeginning of the show that we'll come back and it'll all make sense today. Thefirst step in our journey, before we get specific about different kinds ofmemory, let's start by building a foundation of knowledge.
這些練習中有些是從哈利的書中衍生出來的。就像你在今天的節目結束時所期待的那樣，記住節目一開始的那個數字和那句話，我們會回來的，今天一切都會有意義的。在我們的旅程的第一步，在我們了解不同類型的記憶之前，讓我們從建立一個知識的基礎開始。

I wanted to hearthe scientific perspective on why it's important to study memory in the firstplace to kick us off. There's no one better than dr. Daniel. Schacter aresearcher in the psychology department at Harvard university and author of theaward-winning book. The seventh sense of memory, how the mind forgets andremembers.
我想聽聽科學的觀點來解釋為什麼首先研究記憶對我們很重要。没有人比丹尼爾博士更好了。他是哈佛大學心理學系的研究員，也是這本獲獎書的作者。第七種記憶，是大腦如何遺忘和記憶。

He's also aprincipal investigator at the Schachter memory lab in Cambridge, Massachusetts.You'll hear him talk about his own incredible research findings thatdemonstrate the unexpected ways. It benefits you to have a good memory. Plus heanswers the question. That's probably on a lot of our minds. Do smartphonesmake our memory worse without further ado?
他還是馬薩諸塞州劍橋市Schachter記憶實驗室的首席研究員。你會聽到他談論他自己令人難以置信的研究發現，這些發現展示了意想不到的方法。記憶力好對你有好處。再加上他回答了這個問題。這可能是我們很多人的想法。智能手機是否會讓我們的記憶變得更糟？

Here's myconversation with dr. Daniel Schachter. In the last 20, 25 years or so a majorfocus in my work has been on the general idea. That memory is not just aliteral recording of the past. It's a much more active, constructive process inwhich when we remember a past experience, rather than just replaying avideotape.
這是我和丹尼爾·沙赫特博士的對話。在過去的20、25年里，我的主要工作集中在總體思想上。這種記憶不僅僅是對過去的文字記錄。這是一個更積極、更具建設性的過程，在這個過程中，我們回憶過去的經歷，而不僅僅是回放錄像帶。

We're pullingtogether bits and pieces of information from the particular episode that weexperienced our general knowledge or feelings at the time, our beliefs and allthat is put together. And that construction is what we call a memory. Dangraduated from the university of North Carolina in 1974. He was a psychologymajor.
我們從特定的事件中收集了一些零碎的信息，這些信息是我們當時所經歷的一般知識或感受，我們的信念以及所有這些信息的總和。這種結構就是我們所說的記憶。丹1974年畢業於北卡羅來納大學。他主修心理學。

During his timethere, he was a research assistant for a study that looked at the intricaciesof amnesia. I was really amazed by the fact that on the one hand, these peopleseem totally normal in terms of their ability to converse with you, theirintact ability for, to perceive the world around them, to use language, tounderstand what was going on.
在那期間，他是一項研究失憶症的研究助理。我真的很驚訝一個事實，一方面，這些人似乎完全正常的能力，與你交談，他們完整的能力，感知週圍的世界，使用語言，了解發生了什麼事。

All that seemed normal. But on simple laboratory memorytests, they would fail miserably. If you just gave them a few words to rememberand distracted them for a couple of moments, it was as if the event neverhappened. And for example, I remember one patient walking out of the room. Andcoming back five minutes later, having spent an hour testing this fellow andthe person had no idea who I was, you know, after a five or 10 minute break,even though we just spent an hour together testing.
一切看起來都很正常。但在簡單的實驗室記憶測試中，他們會慘敗。如果你只是給他們講了幾句話讓他們記住，讓他們分心幾分鐘，就好像這件事從未發生過一樣。例如，我記得有個病人走出房間。五分鐘后回來，花了一個小時測試了這個家夥，他不知道我是誰，你知道，休息了5到10分鐘后，即使我們只是一起測試了一個小時。

So that reallydrew me in to an interest in memory. I think that really illuminates. In manyways, why memory is worth studying in the first place, just so we can start tounravel this surprising and shocking sort of process. But this show here aimsto walk people through how memory works and even some ways they can improve iton sort of a practical and personal level.
所以這真的吸引了我對記憶的興趣。我認為這真的很有啟發性。在許多方面，為什麼記憶首先值得研究，只是為了讓我們能夠開始解開這個令人驚訝和震驚的過程。但是這個節目的目的是讓人們了解記憶是如何工作的，甚至是一些他們可以在實踐和個人層面上改善記憶的方法。

I mean, to beperfectly honest, why should they care? Why should our listeners. Really careto take an interest in memory and the improvement of their memory. Well, that'sa good question. I think there are several answers to that. One is just, again,we all know that memory can fail in everyday life in frustrating ways.
我的意思是，老實說，他們為什麼要在乎呢？為什麼我們的聽眾應該。真正關心的是對記憶力和記憶力的提高感興趣。好吧，這是個好問題。我認為有幾個答案。一是，我們都知道記憶在日常生活中會以令人沮喪的方式失敗。

And so if weunderstand something about why it fails, that can help us to overcome it.Second memory errors can have very important consequences for larger issues insociety. So for example, I witnessed ms. Identifications, we know from variouskinds of research, including the work of the innocence project are frequentlyinvolved when people are wrongfully convicted for crimes that they.
因此，如果我們了解它失敗的原因，它可以幫助我們克服它。第二次記憶錯誤會對社會上更大的問題產生非常重要的影響。比如說，我親眼目睹了。鑒定，我們從各種各樣的研究中知道，包括清白計劃的工作，經常涉及到人們被錯誤地定罪的罪行。

Did not commitsome kind of memory error, eye witness misidentification turns out to be afeature of roughly three quarters of these cases were wrongful convictions aresubsequently overturned on the basis of DNA evidence. So it has very importantlegal consequences. The other point is that we can talk about memory is kind ofits own thing.
没有犯過某種記憶錯誤，目擊證人的錯誤辨認原來是一個特征，這些案件中大約有四分之三的人被錯誤定罪，隨后根據DNA證據被推翻。所以它有非常重要的法律后果。另一點是我們可以說記憶是它自己的東西。

And we think ofit as. Remembering past experiences or acquiring general knowledge about theworld. And as I mentioned, in the case of amnesic patients, their severeinability to remember can be distinguished or dissociated from, for example, arelatively normal IQ or normal perceptual ability. But even though memory canbe dissociated from these other cognitive functions, it also.
我們認為它是。回憶過去的經歷或獲得關於世界的一般知識。正如我所提到的，對於健忘症患者來說，他們嚴重的記憶障礙可以與相對正常的智商或正常的感知能力區分開來。但即使記憶可以與其他認知功能分離，它也可以。

Has a majorinfluence on at least some other cognitive functions. So for example, one ofthe major lines of research in my lab over past 10 or 15 years has been toexamine the role of memory in thinking about future experiences. And it turnsout. That there are many striking similarities that can be observed when peopleremember past experiences or imagine into the future and imagine things thatmight happen to them.
至少對其他一些認知功能有重要影響。例如，我實驗室過去10到15年的主要研究方向之一就是研究記憶在思考未來經歷中的作用。結果證明了。當人們回憶過去的經歷或想象未來並想象可能發生在他們身上的事情時，可以觀察到許多驚人的相似之處。

And it seems like they're tapping intovery similar underlying processes. So that's just to make the point that. Yeah,memory is not just for reminiscence. We use it as a tool to plan and engage inother kinds of cognitive activities that are important everyday life. So Ithink when people realize the vast impact of memory in domains that we wouldn'tordinarily think of necessarily as involving memory, we can appreciate evenmore why it's so important.
他們似乎在利用非常相似的潛在過程。所以這只是為了說明這一點。是的，記憶不僅僅是為了回憶。我們把它作為一種工具來計劃和參與其他重要的日常生活的認知活動。所以我認為，當人們意識到記憶在我們通常不認為必然涉及記憶的領域中的巨大影響時，我們會更加理解為什麼它如此重要。

Makes sense,right? Our memories not only inform how we catalog the past, but how we planfor, and imagine the future, that ability to think creatively is somethingDan's lab has been looking at for the past few decades. His work dealsspecifically with episodic memory or our memory of events from our life.
有道理，對吧？我們的記憶不僅告訴我們如何對過去進行分類，還告訴我們如何計劃和想象未來，這種創造性思維的能力是丹的實驗室在過去幾十年里一直在研究的。他的作品特别涉及情節記憶或我們對生活中事件的記憶。

That's a topicwe'll hear more about an upcoming episodes, but to give us an introduction to thetopic, let's get back to Dan. So we, uh, we've been very focused on the role ofepisodic memory in particular, in functions, such as imagining the future.Another one that we've looked at is creativity, a particular kind of creativityknown as divergent thinking the ability to come up with.
這是一個我們會聽到更多關於即將上映的劇集的話題，但是為了給我們介紹一下這個話題，讓我們回到丹身上。所以我們，呃，我們一直非常關注情節記憶的作用，特别是在功能上，比如想象未來。另一個我們看到的是創造力，一種特殊的創造力，被稱為發散性思維，即提出問題的能力。

Novel new ideasto kind of think out of the box as it were. And we found both throughneuroimaging studies and cognitive studies, that our ability to retrieve pastexperiences in a lot of rich episodic detail can actually, in some ways,Heightened our ability to think creatively, for example, a standard test ofdivergent creative thinking is known as the alternate uses tasks.
新穎的新想法可以打破思維定勢。我們通過神經影像學研究和認知研究發現，我們在大量豐富的情節細節中檢索過去經驗的能力實際上在某些方面可以提高我們創造性思維的能力，例如，對發散創造性思維的標準測試被稱為交替使用任務。

So that's whereI might give you a common object, such as a brick and asked you to come up withnovel but appropriate uses and what we found in our lab. Is that after peoplego through a procedure that involves trying to get them to recall pastexperiences in a lot of detail, a lot of episodic detail to actually come upwith a few more novel uses of, for example, a brick on the alternate uses taskas compared to various control conditions.
所以我可以給你們一個普通的物體，比如一塊磚頭，然后讓你們想出新穎但合適的用途，以及我們在實驗室里發現的東西。在人們經歷一個過程后，試圖讓他們回憶過去的經歷，在很多細節上，很多情節性的細節，實際上想出一些更新穎的用途，例如，與各種控制條件相比，替代用途任務中的磚塊。

And we've seenin some imaging and other studies that some of the parts of the brain that areimportant for episodic memory also become active when people engage in. Uh,creative thinking and thinking of alternate uses of objects. I find itincredible that engaging more with memory can actually make us act morecreatively.
我們在一些影像學和其他研究中發現，當人們參與其中時，大腦中對情節記憶很重要的部分也會變得活躍起來。呃，創造性思維和物體的替代用途。我覺得不可思議的是，更多的記憶可以讓我們的行為更有創造性。

But what doesthat mean for those of us who increasingly rely on technology to rememberthings for us is my phone making me less creative. I asked Dan about whethertechnology has negatively impacted our memories. There has been some researchon that. And, you know, some people are concerned that technology can, in someways negatively impact memory.
但對於那些越來越依賴科技為我們記憶的人來說，我的手機讓我的創造力下降了，這意味著什麼呢。我問丹科技是否對我們的記憶產生了負面影響。這方面有一些研究。而且，你知道，有些人擔心科技在某些方面會對記憶產生負面影響。

I talk aboutsome of this work in a, an updated version of the seven sins of memory that Ijust finished writing. And that'll. Be published in early 20, 21. I don't thinkthere's anything conclusive that shows that technology, you know, either has apositive or negative influence exclusively on memory, but there are bits ofevidence going both ways.
我在《記憶的七宗罪》的一個更新版本中談到了一些這方面的工作，我剛剛寫完。那就好了。20、21年初出版。我不認為有任何確鑿的證據表明，科技，你知道，要麼對記憶有正面或負面的影響，但有一些證據表明兩者都有。

So for example,now people obviously use their phones a lot to take. Pictures and recordexperiences and post them on Instagram and other other places. And oneinteresting question is whether, for example, if you're focused on taking a photo,what does that do to your actual memory for the experience? And there's someevidence to suggest that it can have a, a negative impact in the sense that ifyou're really focused on the photo later on, if I.
比如說，現在人們顯然經常使用手機。圖片和記錄的經驗，並張貼在Instagram和其他地方。一個有趣的問題是，例如，如果你專注於拍照，那對你的實際記憶有什麼影響？有證據表明，如果你以后真的專注於這張照片，如果我真的把注意力放在照片上。

Ask you torecall the experience, recall details of the experience you may be. You may besomewhat, somewhat worse off in terms of trying to remember it, but on theother hand, there's, you know, there's a lot of benefit from using externalmemory AIDS, uh, using our phones, you know, for reminders to recallappointments as a way of, for example, overcoming absent mindedness.
讓你回憶起你的經歷，回憶起你可能經歷過的細節。你可能會有點，有點糟糕，但另一方面，你知道，使用外部記憶輔助工具，呃，用我們的手機，作為提醒回憶約會的一種方式，例如，克服心不在焉，有很多好處。

So I think itcan go in, in both. Both directions. We also know for example, that if you arevery skilled in a particular domain, that can improve your memory within thatdomain, and they even have a direct impact on brain function. So back in theearly two thousands, there's a very interesting, and well-known study of Londontaxi drivers that showed that these people who had this incredibly detailedknowledge.
所以我認為這兩個方面都可以。兩個方向。例如，我們也知道，如果你在某個領域非常熟練，那可以提高你在該領域的記憶力，甚至對大腦功能有直接影響。早在兩千年前，有一項關於倫敦出租車司機的非常有趣的著名研究表明，這些人擁有難以置信的詳細知識。

Uh, of how toget around London. You couldn't be a taxi driver in London without having thatknowledge. There was evidence that they actually had a larger volume of, ofhippocampus than other people who weren't taxi drivers suggesting that youusing the hippocampus, which is one of the key structures for memory, forpurposes of spatial navigation.
呃，怎麼去倫敦。你不可能在倫敦當出租車司機。有證據表明，他們的海馬體體積比其他不是出租車司機的人要大，這表明你使用海馬體來進行空間導航，海馬體是記憶的關鍵結構之一。

Uh, May have hadan impact on the underlying neural structure. So that naturally raises thequestion of, well, if we're relying on our phones for GPS and other kinds ofnavigation, could that actually detract, you know, from brain regions that areresponsible for memory based navigation. And there've been some interestingstudies on this, but I don't think there's any definitive evidence.
呃，可能對神經結構有影響。因此，這就自然地提出了一個問題，如果我們依靠手機來進行GPS和其他導航，這會不會影響大腦中負責記憶導航的區域呢。在這方面有一些有趣的研究，但我不認為有任何確切的證據。

That we're, youknow, we're going to turn ourselves into amnesic patients by relying on ourphones for a GPS. Okay. So can you just take a second to talk through some ofthe parts of the brain that are involved in memory? Cause, I mean, I'm surethere are a lot that we'll hear about in upcoming episodes, but I'd love to geta little introduction to the cast of characters we can expect to.
我們，你知道的，我們要把自己變成健忘症患者依靠我們的手機定位系統。可以。所以你能不能花點時間談談大腦中與記憶有關的部分？因為，我的意思是，我相信在接下來的幾集里我們會聽到很多，但是我想得到一些我們可以期待的角色陣容的介紹。

Yeah. So I thinkmost people, when they talk about memory in the brain, the hippocampus is wherethey start and that's a small seahorse shaped structure, deep. In the temporallobe, it's kind of located in the middle of the brain. And one of the reasonswhy we tend to start with the hippocampus goes all the way back to probably themost famous case study in memory research in the 1950s.
是 啊。所以我認為大多數人，當他們談論大腦的記憶時，海馬體是他們開始的地方，海馬體是一個海馬狀的小結構，很深。在顳葉，它位於大腦的中央。我們傾向於從海馬體開始的原因之一可以追溯到20世紀50年代記憶研究中最著名的案例研究。

And this is thefamous patient, H M a young man who at the age of 27 had been, uh, sufferingfrom epilepsy and required. Uh, surgery to remove parts of his brain or theepilepsy was intense. And the surgeon removed much of the hippocampus and acouple of others connected parts of the medial temporal lobe.
這是一個著名的病人，他是個年輕人，在27歲的時候，患有癲癇症。呃，切除部分大腦或癲癇的手術很激烈。外科醫生切除了大部分海馬體和其他一些連接內側顳葉的部分。

And then thekind of shocking finding was that patient. Hm. Although he was pretty normal inmany respects, normal perception, language, and so forth, similar to theamnesic patient who. I told you about earlier on who I studied, H M had thisdevastating, inability to create and retrieve long lasting. New memories andthat got the field really to focus on the hippocampus.
然后令人震驚的發現就是那個病人。嗯。雖然他在很多方面都很正常，但在知覺、語言等方面都很正常，與失憶症患者相似。我告訴過你我之前研究過的人，H M有著毀滅性的，無法創造和恢復長久的。新的記憶讓這個領域真正關注海馬體。

Although infairness, it was not only the hippocampus that was taken out in the case of H Mthere were these other parts of the medial temporal lobe. So when we talk aboutH M and memory, we should really say that what he taught us is that the medialtemporal lobe, including the hippocampus. Plays an important role in, inmemory, but the hippocampus, isn't just, uh, a memory center on its own.
雖然公平地說，在H M的病例中，不僅僅是海馬體被切除，還有內側顳葉的其他部分。所以當我們談論H M和記憶時，我們應該說他教給我們的是內側顳葉，包括海馬體。在記憶中起著重要的作用，但是海馬體本身並不僅僅是一個記憶中心。

It's connectedto a lot of different parts of the brain that are important for encoding andretrieving memories. So while I asked Dan for the cast of characters, we get toknow along the way, Dan made the case that it's ultimately an ensemble show. Wehave referred to this as a core network of brain regions, and one of the maininsights from cognitive neuroscience over the past decade or so, is that whiledifferent parts of the brain clearly play.
它與大腦的許多不同部分相連，這些部位對編碼和檢索記憶很重要。所以當我向丹詢問演員陣容時，我們逐漸了解到，丹說這最終是一場合奏演出。我們將其稱為大腦區域的核心網絡，過去十年左右認知神經科學的一個主要觀點是，當大腦的不同部分明顯發揮作用時。

Specific roles in memory and, and otherfunctions. We're thinking more now about networks of brain regions and how theycontribute to memory and other cognitive functions. And for example, if we.We're not given a specific task to do. And we're just sort of left to our owndevices. This network of brain regions becomes active.
記憶和其他功能中的特定角色。我們現在更多的是思考大腦區域的網絡，以及它們是如何促進記憶和其他認知功能的。例如，如果我們。我們没有具體的任務要做。我們只能聽天由命了。這個大腦區域網絡變得活躍起來。

It's somethingwe default to, so to speak. And that's why it was called, uh, many years ago.Now the default network. And becomes active when we're focused internally onour memories on imagining the future on imagining different ways in which thepast could have turned out. Uh, we see these brain regions come online.
可以說，這是我們默認的。這就是為什麼它在很多年前被稱為。現在是默認網絡。當我們把注意力集中在我們的記憶里，想象未來，想象過去可能會以不同的方式出現時，我們就會變得活躍起來。呃，我們看到這些大腦區域開始聯機。

So I think the importantpoint here is that what we're still trying to figure out is exactly whatcontributions different. Brain regions make to memory and importantly how theyall work together as a network to achieve memory and other cognitive functions.That's really interesting. So, I mean, the brain is obviously immenselycomplicated and fascinating and in many ways mysterious, but it sounds likethere's been a shift from thinking about sort of individual pieces of the brainas being the memory piece toward sort of lots of parts of the brain, or eventhe brain in its entirety as, uh, contributing in many different ways.
所以我認為這里重要的一點是，我們仍然在試圖弄清楚到底是什麼貢獻不同。大腦區域有助於記憶，重要的是它們如何作為一個網絡協同工作，以實現記憶和其他認知功能。那真的很有趣。所以，我的意思是，大腦顯然是非常復雜和迷人的，在很多方面都是神秘的，但聽起來好像有一種轉變，從把大腦的各個部分看作是記憶的一部分，轉向了大腦的許多部分，甚至整個大腦，呃，以多種不同的方式作出貢獻。

To how memory issort of stored and then recalled. Yeah, I think that's fair. I mean, there'sstill a lot of interest in trying to understand the functions of specificregions, like the hippocampus or in the media of the temporal lobe, the parahippocampal region or the entire rhino cortex. Or in the pridal of the angulargyrus, there's a lot of interest in trying to understand exactly what functionsthese specific regions perform.
記憶是如何被儲存和回憶的。是的，我覺得這很公平。我的意思是，人們仍然對理解特定區域的功能很感興趣，比如海馬體或者顳葉的中膜、海馬旁區域或者整個鼻皮層。或者在角回的pridal中，人們對試圖確切了解這些特定區域的功能有很大的興趣。

But, but it'sdone within the context of this more, uh, network based approach, looking atspecific regions within the broader network. So, what have we learned so far?First, having a good memory can actually increase your creativity and problemsolving skills. According to dr. Shakira's research. Second, as much as I wantto blame my phone for my space case brain, it just isn't that simple.
但是，它是在這個更，呃，基於網絡的方法的背景下進行的，著眼於更廣泛的網絡中的特定區域。那麼，到目前為止我們學到了什麼？首先，擁有良好的記憶力實際上可以提高你的創造力和解決問題的能力。根據夏奇拉博士的研究。第二，雖然我很想把我的太空箱大腦歸咎於我的手機，但事情並不是那麼簡單。

But it is truethat relying too much on it can prevent you from remembering the things thatyou're depending on it for. So if there's something you actually need to know,you should probably lay off the smartphone. Third, the brain is a fascinatingand complex network. I remember learning in high school that the hippocampus isthe part of the brain responsible for memory, but that isn't so simple either.
但事實上，過度依賴它會阻止你記住你依賴它的事情。所以，如果你真的需要知道什麼，你應該關掉智能手機。第三，大腦是一個迷人而復雜的網絡。我記得在高中的時候我就知道海馬體是大腦負責記憶的部分，但這也不是那麼簡單。

Large portionsof your brain work together to store and retrieve information. Now we can turnback to my friend, Harry Lorraine. Like I said, some of the exercises we'regoing to share with you over the course of this show will be derived fromHarry's work. Others are from the academics I spoke with who shared littletricks and experiments from their classrooms.
你大腦的大部分區域一起工作來儲存和檢索信息。現在我們可以回到我的朋友哈里·洛林身上。就像我說的，我們將在這個節目中與大家分享的一些練習將來自於哈里的作品。其他人則來自與我交談過的學者，他們在課堂上分享了一些小技巧和實驗。

Most of themdraw from one key concept. Association thousands of years ago, people wouldassociate at association as the key to memory. The more ridiculous it is, theeasier it is to remember. And other words, if I say to somebody, or I want toremember a word, it has sentence in a book and let's assume you pick the wordB, I would say, Oh, well, it's easy.
它們大多來自一個關鍵概念。聯想幾千年前，人們在交往中會聯想到記憶的鑰匙。越是可笑，越容易記住。換句話說，如果我對某人說，或者我想記住一個詞，它在書中有句話，假設你選了B，我會說，哦，好吧，這很簡單。

You canvisualize a B. But instead of picturing one beef flying around picture amillion bees and their own singing game, you're not going to forget that. Wehaven't had the chance to talk much about the science of association yet thinkof this as a teaser for what's to come, because we'll learn more about exactlyhow that works later.
你可以想象一個B，但你不會忘記這一點，而不是想象一個牛肉飛來飛去，畫上百萬只蜜蜂和它們自己的歌唱遊戲。我們還没有機會多談關聯科學，但我們可以把它看作是對未來事物的一種戲弄，因為我們以后會更深入地了解它是如何運作的。

And of course,we'll hear from Harry Lorraine again, but for now I wanted to share oneincredible memory Trek from Harry's book, entitled the memory book as anintroduction to the concept of association, it's also a way to rely less onyour phone for the most essential things. Like Dan said earlier that benefitsus.
當然，我們會再次收到哈里·洛林的來信，但現在我想分享一段來自哈利的書《記憶之書》中的一段令人難以置信的回憶旅程，這本書名為《記憶之書》作為聯想概念的介紹，這也是一種減少對手機最重要事情依賴的方法。就像我們剛才說的那樣。

Remember thatnumber in that phrase from the very beginning. Let's see how you did first. Seeif you can remember the number it was six seven four two (084) 394-9590. Let meguess that didn't go over well, but what about the phrase? Do you rememberthat? It was Jack runs from purple bees. That was probably a bit easier.
從一開始就記住這個數字。先看看你是怎麼做的。看看你記不記得號碼是六七四二（084）394-9590。我猜這句話說得不太好，但是這個短語呢？你還記得嗎？是傑克從紫蜂那里跑出來的。那可能會容易一點。

What if I toldyou that the long number I gave you and the phrase Jack runs from purple beesactually mean the same thing. At least they can mean the same thing. If youlearn this trick, you can use it to remember any number, no matter how long,like a lot of these memory tricks. It takes some work, but once you learn it,you can have it in your brain for good.
如果我告訴你，我給你的長數字和傑克從紫色蜜蜂身上跑出來的短語實際上是一回事呢。至少他們的意思是一樣的。如果你學會了這個訣竅，你就可以用它來記住任何數字，不管多長時間，就像很多這樣的記憶技巧。這需要一些努力，但一旦你學會了，你就可以永遠記住它。

Do you have youremergency contact numbers memorized? Your credit card number? Yeah, me neither.That's why I'm committing this system to memory. If you want to give it a shot,get a piece of paper and a pencil ready? Here's the basic idea of this trick.Every digit from zero to nine becomes a phonetic sound.
你有没有記下你的緊急聯系電話？你的信用卡號碼？是啊，我也是。這就是為什麼我要把這個系統放到內存中。如果你想試試，準備一張紙和一支鉛筆？這是這個技巧的基本思想。從9到0的每一個數字變成一個語音。

Once youmemorize which number corresponds to which sound you can turn numbers intowords instead of remembering numbers, you can remember a few words or asentence. I'm going to walk through each of the 10 digits and theircorresponding consonant sound. I'll give you a little memory trick to rememberwhich sound matches with which number.
一旦你記住了哪個數字對應哪個聲音，你就可以把數字變成單詞而不是記住數字，你就可以記住幾個單詞或一個句子。我將遍歷10個數字中的每一個及其對應的輔音。我給你一個記憶小技巧來記住哪個聲音和哪個數字相匹配。

For now justwrite down what I say afterwards. I'll explain how to use it here. It goes.Number one, corresponds to the sound made by the letter T or the letter D. Sothe sounds. TA or de, even though these are different letters, they're the samephonetic sound in this trick because your mouth and tongue are in the sameposition when you make those noises.
現在就把我說的話寫下來。我將在這里解釋如何使用它。它走了。第一，對應於字母T或字母D發出的聲音，所以這些聲音。TA或de，儘管這些字母不同，但在這個技巧中它們是相同的語音，因為當你發出這些聲音時，你的嘴和舌頭處於同一位置。

Here's how youcan remember that when you write the letter T it has one downstroke, T one,downstroke, number two, corresponds to the sound made by the letter. N so thesound here's how you can remember that. When you write a lowercase letter, N ithas two down strokes and two down strokes. Number three is represented by thesound made by the letter M so the sound mm.
這是你如何記住，當你寫字母T時，它有一個向下的衝程，t1，向下衝程，第二個，對應於字母發出的聲音。所以這里的聲音是你如何記住的。當你寫一個小寫字母時，它有兩個下劃和兩個下劃。第三個數字是由字母M發出的聲音來表示的，所以這個聲音是mm。

You can probablyguess the mnemonic for this one, the letter M has three down strokes. It alsokind of looks like a sideways. Number three. Are you still writing these down?Good. Here's the next one? Number four is represented by the sound made by theletter R so the sound or here's how you can remember that when you say four, itends with an R sound.
你大概可以猜出這個字母的助記符，字母M有三個向下的筆畫。它看起來也有點像側面。第三個。你還在寫這些嗎？很好。下一個呢？第四個數字是由字母R所發出的聲音來表示的，所以這個聲音或者說，當你說四的時候，它以一個R音結束。

For number five,corresponds to the sound made by the letter L so the sound, Oh, if you fullyspread your five fingers, your pointer, finger, and thumb formed the shape ofan owl. Number six, corresponds to the sounds made by the letter J the lettersS H C H, and soft G as in germ. So the sounds G. Or all of these lettercombinations make the same phonetic sound.
對於數字5，對應於字母L發出的聲音，所以這個聲音，哦，如果你完全張開你的五個手指，你的手指，手指和拇指形成了貓頭鷹的形狀。第六，對應於字母J、字母S、H、H和軟G所發出的聲音。所以G音，或者所有這些字母的組合，都是相同的語音。

Here's amnemonic for that. The number six looks like a backwards capital J number sevenis represented by the sound made by the letter. K a hard C as in cat or a hardG as in go. So the sounds. Or here's how you can remember that there are sevencontinents, seven continents, number eight, corresponds to the sound made bythe letter F the letter V or the letters pH together as in phone.
這里有個記憶法。數字6看起來像一個向后的大寫字母J數字7是由字母的發音來表示的。在cat中是硬C，在go中是硬G。所以聲音。或者你可以記住，有七大洲，七大洲，數字8，對應於字母F，字母V或字母pH所發出的聲音，就像在電話里一樣。

So the sounds, and here's how you canremember that. If you turn an eight on its side, it becomes an infinity symbol.Infinity. Number nine is represented by the sound made by the letter P or B. Sothe sounds puff. And, uh, a memory aid for that trick is that the letter Plooks like a backwards nine. And finally, the number zero is represented by thesound made by the letter Z the letter S or a soft letter C.
所以這些聲音，下面是你如何記住的。如果你把一個8從它的一邊轉過來，它就變成了一個無窮大的符號。無窮。數字九是由字母P或B所發出的聲音來表示的，所以聲音會膨脹。而且，呃，這個技巧的一個輔助記憶是字母P看起來像是一個向后的9。最后，數字0用字母Z，字母S或軟字母C發出的聲音來表示。

As in cellar, sozero or zero starts with a Z sound. That's how you can remember it. Do you haveall of that written down? Awesome. Take a moment to review the tricks, butdon't rely on your written lists too much. If you concentrated while writingthese down, there's a good chance. You know them already.
在cellar中，零或零以Z音開頭。這就是你能記住的。你把這些都寫下來了嗎？令人驚歎的。花點時間復習一下技巧，但不要太依賴你的書面清單。如果你在寫這些的時候集中注意力，這是一個很好的機會。你已經認識他們了。

Pause the shownow and see if you can name the numbers and their corresponding sounds withoutlooking. Got it. Great. Now to actually apply what we learned. Since everynumber is a consonant sound. We can build words by adding vowels in betweenvowels and silent letters don't mean anything. They're just ways we can helpbuild words out of the numbers that we have.
現在暫停節目，看看你能不能不用看就說出數字和它們對應的聲音。知道了。偉大的。現在來實際應用我們所學的。因為每個數字都是輔音。我們可以通過在元音和無聲字母之間添加元音來構建單詞。它們只是我們可以幫助我們從現有數字中構建單詞的方法。

Write down thatphrase from earlier, Jack runs from purple bees. Take a second to pause thepodcast and see if you can remember the string of numbers that corresponds toit. Did you get six seven four two (084) 394-9590. Here's some more practice.Let's say you're staying in a hotel.
寫下前面的那句話，傑克從紫色蜜蜂中逃出來。花點時間暫停播客，看看你是否能記住與之對應的一串數字。你收到六七四二（084）394-9590了嗎。這里還有一些練習。假設你住在旅館里。

Your room number is ninefour one zero.
你的房間號碼是九四一零。

What word can wemake out of this sequence of numbers? What phonetic sounds did these numberscorrespond to? Well, we have nine, which is P or B. We have four, which is our,we have one which is T or D and we have zero, which is Z or S so nine, four,one zero can be pirates or boards or breaths or a number of other options.
我們能從這個數字序列中辨認出什麼單詞？這些數字對應的是什麼語音？好吧，我們有9個，P或B。我們有4個，這是我們的，我們有一個是T或D，我們有0，這是Z或S，所以9，4，1 0可以是海盜，登船，呼吸或其他一些選擇。

If you're havingtrouble matching up these words with the number nine, four, one zero, trywriting them down and matching them visually. You'll get the hang of it in notime. Try this with different numbers, using your pencil and paper for somehelp. What words or sentences can you make out of your best friend's birthday,your social security number.
如果你在把這些單詞和數字9，4，1，0匹配時遇到困難，試著把它們寫下來，用視覺來匹配。你很快就會掌握竅門的。試著用不同的數字，用你的鉛筆和紙來幫助你。你能從你最好的朋友的生日，你的社會保險號碼中找出什麼單詞或句子。

Harry Lorraine'sbook the memory book, dives, even deeper into how to learn and apply thephonetic alphabet for longer and more complex numbers. I definitely recommendpicking up some of his books or visiting his website, Harry Lorraine magic.com.Lorraine is spelled L O R a Y N E in numbers. That's five, four two.
Harry Lorraine的書《記憶之書》（the memory book）更深入地探討了如何學習和應用更長、更復雜的數字的語音字母表。我絕對建議你去看看他的書或者訪問他的網站Harry Lorraine魔術網.Lorraine在數字中拚寫為L O R a Y N E。五，四，二。

If you'recurious, I also recommend picking up Dan chapter's book seven sense of memory.Keep your eyes peeled for the new edition coming out in early 2021. Tune in tothe next episode of memory booster to learn all about short-term memory and thetricks that help memory pros memorize a whole deck of cards in under 30seconds.
如果你好奇的話，我也推薦你去讀丹·查普的書《七種記憶的感覺》。為2021年初的新版本做好準備。請收聽下一集的記憶助推器，學習所有關於短期記憶的知識，以及幫助記憶專家在30秒內記住一整副卡片的技巧。

Talk to you then.
那就跟你談談。